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Approximately 15 percent of couples are infertile. This means they aren't able to conceive a child even though they've had frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse for a year or longer. In about half of these couples, male infertility plays a role.
Male infertility is due to low sperm production, abnormal sperm function or blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm. Illnesses, injuries, chronic health problems, lifestyle choices and other factors can play a role in causing male infertility.
Not being able to conceive a child can be stressful and frustrating, but a number of male infertility treatments are available.
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The main sign of male infertility is the inability to conceive a child. There may be no other obvious signs or symptoms. In some cases, however, an underlying problem such as an inherited disorder, hormonal imbalance, dilated veins around the testicle, or a condition that blocks the passage of sperm may cause signs and symptoms. Male infertility signs and symptoms may include:
See a doctor if you:
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Male fertility is a complex process. To get your partner pregnant, the following must occur:
Problems with male fertility can be caused by a number of health issues and medical treatments. Some of these include:
Overexposure to certain environmental elements such as heat, toxins and chemicals can reduce sperm production or sperm function. Specific causes include:
Some other causes of male infertility include:
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At Mayo Clinic, we take the time to listen, to find answers and to provide you the best care.
Many infertile couples have more than one cause of infertility, so it's likely you will both need to see a doctor. It may take a number of tests to determine the cause of infertility. In some cases, a cause is never identified. Infertility tests can be expensive and may not be covered by insurance — find out what your medical plan covers ahead of time.
Diagnosing male infertility problems usually involves:
Your doctor may recommend additional tests to help identify the cause of your infertility. These can include:
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Infertility can be stressful for both you and your partner. Complications of male infertility can include:
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Many types of male infertility aren't preventable. However, you can avoid some known causes of male infertility:
Though the risk isn't conclusive, if you're an avid cyclist, consider using a gel saddle and a full-suspension bicycle. It may also help to avoid wearing very tightfitting clothing for long periods of time.
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Evidence is still limited on whether — or how much — herbs or supplements might help increase male fertility. Some supplements may help only if you have a deficiency.
Supplements with studies showing potential benefits on improving sperm count or quality include:
Talk with your doctor before taking dietary supplements to review the risks and benefits of this therapy, as some supplements taken in high doses (megadoses) or for extended periods of time may be harmful.
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There are a few steps you can take at home to increase your chances of achieving pregnancy:
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Coping with infertility can be difficult. It's an issue of the unknown — you can't predict how long it will last or what the outcome will be. Infertility isn't necessarily solved with hard work. The emotional burden on a couple is considerable, and plans for coping can help.
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A number of risk factors are linked to male infertility. They include:
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